Saladin (echte naam Salah al-Din Yusuf bin Ayub صلاح الدين يوسف ابن ايوب) was een generaal die de Ajjoebidische dynastie van Egypte en Syrië stichtte. Hij werd geboren in Tikrit in 1138 en overleed in 1193 te Damascus. Saladin was van Koerdische afkomst.
Saladin was in de ogen van vele mensen, met name moslims maar ook van westerse geschiedschrijvers, een groot leider. Zijn bekendste daad is het veroveren van Jeruzalem op de kruisvaarders.
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Chronologie
Als kind bestudeerde hij de Koran en de dichtkunst.
In het jaar 1152 begon Saladin te werken voor zijn oom Nureddin, een Syrische heerser.
In 1164 lanceerde hij drie succesvolle campagnes tegen de kruisvaarders in Palestina.
In 1169 stierf zijn oom Shirkuh die twee maanden vizier van Egypte is geweest en Saladin nam zijn plaats in.
In 1171 verenigde hij Egypte nadat hij de Fatimiden had verslagen. In datzelfde jaar weigerde hij in oorlog met de kruisvaarders te gaan, dit tot groot ongenoegen van Nureddin. Saladin stichtte het rijk van de Ajjoebiden.
In 1174 stierf Nureddin en nam Saladin zijn rijk over.
In 1175 probeerde de Syrische leider Rashideddin tot twee keer toe het leven van Saladin te nemen door moordenaars op hem af te sturen.
In 1176 belegerde Saladin het fort van Rashideddin, maar na enkele weken trok hij zich plotseling terug. Waarschijnlijk heeft hij dit gedaan omdat zijn hele familie met de dood werd bedreigd.
In 1183 veroverde hij de Syrische provincie Aleppo.
In 1186 veroverde hij Mosul.
In 1187 viel hij het Koninkrijk Jeruzalem aan. Na drie maanden veroverde hij de stad Jeruzalem en versloeg daarmee de kruisvaarders. In tegenstelling tot de christenen bijna een eeuw eerder richtte hij geen bloedbad aan.(Slag van Hittin)
In 1189 begon de Derde kruistocht. Alhoewel grote stukken van de Palestijnse kust werden veroverd door de kruisvaarders blijft Jeruzalem in handen van Saladin.
In 1192 tekenden Saladin en Richard I van Engeland het Ramla-vredesverdrag, waarin stond dat de Palestijnse kust onder christelijk bestuur blijft en de stad Jeruzalem van de moslims bleef.
In 1193 op 4 maart stierf Saladin in Damascus na een kort ziekbed.
Saladin is zowel in de moslimwereld als in de westerse wereld omschreven als een eerlijk, open, leergierig, vergevingsgezind en bovenal intelligent leider, er zijn dan ook veel westerse schrijvers die verhalen over hem hebben geschreven.
'Khālid bin Walīd'also known as: Sayf-Allāh / Sword of God); (584 - 642) was a Muslim Arab soldier and general. Along with Alexander the Great, he is one of the few significant generals to remain undefeated throughout their career. He defeated in battle the two largest empires of his time, the Byzantine Eastern Roman Empire and the Persian Empire though his armies were highly outnumbered in battle.
Khālid bin Walīd was born around 584 in Mecca to Walīd ibn Mughīrah, the chief of the Banū Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe. His clan was responsible for warfare, and his father were well off. These two factors combined to make him proficient in warfare and fighting.
As an adult, Khālid had grown to become a strong man and was well known among the Quraish for his fighting abilities. Following Muhammad's proclamation of the new faith of Islam, many battles were fought between the new Muslims and the Qurayshī tribes. Khālid's military genius was responsible for turning the Battle of Uhūd into a victory for the Qurayshī forces after what had looked like a sure defeat. Following the Truce of Hudaybiyyah, Khālid became a Muslim. He was impressed by the steadfastness and fearlessness of the Muslims, something he had seen first hand. Upon accepting the religion, he went to the prophet Muhammad personally and apologized for his previous actions, and asked Muhammad to pray to Allah to forgive Khālid. Khālid also vowed to raise his sword in the path of Islam, rather than fighting against it. Despite the initial mistrust of some Muslims, Khālid won the trust of his new comrades and became a commander of Muslim armies.
When Abū Bakr became Caliph he sent Khālid ibn al-Walīid against Banū Tamīm, and Ikrīmah ibn Abu Jahl against Musaylimah, the Liar, in Yamāmah.
During the caliphate of Abū Bakr, Khālid was responsible for putting down the rebellion led by the imposter Musaylimah at the Battle of Akrabah.
Mālik ibn Nuwayrah and the massacre of his tribe
Abū Bakr sent Khālid ibn al-Walīd into Najd with 4000 men. Many clans of Banī Tamīm, hastened to visit Khālid but the Banī Yarbu`a branch of the tribe, under its chief, Mālik ibn Nuwayrah, hung back. Mālik was a chief of some distinction, a warrior, noted for his generosity and a famous poet. Bravery, generosity and poetry were the three qualities most admired among the Arabs. He ordered his followers to scatter and himself apparently moved away across the desert alone with his family. Abū Bakr had given orders that the test to be applied to suspected rebels was that they be asked to repeat the Muslim formula and that they answer the call to prayer. Khālid, however, preferred more aggressive methods and sent out parties of horsemen to round up the fugitives and plunder their property. One such party seized Mālik ibn Nuwayrah and his family and brought them in to Khālid, although they claimed to be Muslims. The men of Medina who were with the army protested vigorously against Khālid's ruthlessness, but without avail. The prisoners were placed under guard but, during the night, Mālik ibn Nuwayrah and his supporters were killed. Khālid later married the widow of Ibn Nuwayrah.
(Above paragraph is disputable; the death of Mālik ibn Nuwayrah and the others was because of a wrong interpretation of a militray order.)
Successful Conquests
Later, Khalid began the conquest of Iraq from the Persian Empire (although he was eventually replaced by Sa`d ibn Abī Waqqās). During the reign of `Umar ibn al-Khattāb, Khālid led the Muslim armies in Syria against the Byzantine Empire. Under his leadership, Damascus was captured by the Muslim armies. At the Battle of Yarmuk, all of Syria was taken from the Byzantines.
Following this battle, Khālid was extremely popular. This worried the caliph Umar who did not want the popularity of his general to interfere with people's beliefs in Allah, so he recalled Khālid and removed him of his commander status. Despite Khālid's desire to continue leading his armies, he obliged. Rather than stay in Medina though, he returned to the field of battle as a regular soldier and fought admirably.
He had a son named Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid
Khālid died in 642 in Emesa, Syria. Khālid had wanted to die in the field of battle, and apparently was disappointed when he knew that he would die in bed. He is buried in Homs, Syria (modern-day Emesa).He is widely regarded as one of the best generals in the history of mankind.
Puzzels